Common questions words

HOW • . . asks about manner
HOW…LIKE asks for an opinion
HOW + ADJECTIVE OR ADVER
HOW COLD (fast, oLd, and so on)
HOW FAR • . asks about distance
HOW LONG • . . ask about length of time
HOW MANY - asks about quantity (count nouns)
HOW MUCH • asks about quantity (noncount nouns)
HOW OFTEN asks about frequency
WHAT • . - asks about things
WHAT … BE (LOOK LIKE) • asks for a description ( WHAT IS DANIELA LIKE?)
WHAT + NOUN • . . asks for specific details
WHAT COLOR ( country, kind of, size, and so on)
WHAT TIME • asks for a specific time
WHEN • asks about time (specific or general)
WHERE • ask about place
WHICH + NOUN asks about a specifie person, place, and so on
WHICH BOOOK (City, one, person, and so om)
WHO (M) • asks about people
WHOSE asks about ownership or possession
WHY • - . asks for reasons
WHY … NOT • . . gives suggestions
Information Questions
Information questions ask When? Where? Why? How? How often? and so on. As in yes/no questions, an auxiliary verb normally precedes the subject in information questions.
QUESTION WORD AUXILIARY VERB + NEGATIVE SUBJECT


WHEN DO


DID
YOU TAKE CLASS?

YOU HAVE CLASS LAST SEMESTER?




WHERE
WILL

ARE

HAVE

HAD
YOU TAKE CLASSES?
YOU GOING TO TAKE CLASSES?
YOU TAKEN CLASSES?
YOU TAKEN CLASSES?

WHY
ARE
WEREN’T
YOU LATE?
YOU ON TIME YESTERDAY?


Information questions with who, whose, which, and what
In some information quesitons, the questions Word place part or all of the subject . Auxiliary verbs are not used , and the order of the subject and verb does not change.

EXAMPLE
NOTES
QUESTION
RESPONSE


WHO teaches that class?
HUMBERTO
WHO is used only with people . it normally takes a singular verb, even if the answer is plural.
QUESTION


RESPONSE
WHOSE class has a lot of reading?

HUMBERTO’S CLASS
WHOSE replaces a possessive noun or pronoun.
QUESTION





RESPONSE
WHICH art class has most work?

WHICH (one) has the most work?

Art. 205
WHICH can be used with or without a noun. It normally refers to one or more people , places, or things familiar to the speaker.
QUESTION





RESPONSE
WHAT makes the class so difficult?




The amount of homework.
WHAT is generally more informal than which, and it usually efers to one or more people, places , or things unifamiliar to the speaker.

EXERCISE: Complete the following twelve questions by adding appropriate question words.
example: Why are you leaving?
Because I have to study.
study.
1. did you leave home this morning?
At 8:30.
2. ______________ did you get to school today?
By bus.
3. ___________ did you take?
The express bus.
4. ______________ are you going later?
To the library.
5. ________________ don’t you study at home?
Because it’s too noisy
6. _________________ roommates do you have?
Three
7. ________________ do your roommates make noise?
Almost every night.
8. ________________ do you live with?
Two americans and one foreign student
9._________________ do you pay for rent?
$ 2000 a month
10. ________________ is your apartment like?
It’s large but it’s old.
11. ____________ is it to campus from there?
Three blocas.
12. ____________ does it take to get there?
About fifteen minutes.

EXERCISE : Complete the following questions by using who, what, which, or whose.

example: Who is your roommate this semester?
I have three. Miki, Mary, and Anni. One is from Canada, one is from Spain, and one is from Poland.

1. _______________is the Canadian?
Mary is.
2. ______________ roommate is from Spain?
Anni is.
3. _______________ is the most difficult thing about foreign roommates?
The problems with language. We speak four different ones.
4. ______________ accent gives you the most difficulty?
Mike’s accent. It’s very strong.
5. ______________ roommate brought that great stereo?
Anni did.
6. mother carne to visit last week?
Miki’s mother, Bakka.

Exercise:
In pairs, aliernate asking appropriate questions and giving the following answers.
example: Q: How often do you study at the library?
A: I usually study there once or twice a week.

1. Q:___________________________________________
A: After school, from about 3:30 to about 5:00.
2. Q:____________________________________________________
A: Walk down three blocks, turn right, and you will see it on the Ieft.
3. Q:____________________________________________________
A: Because it is quieter than my apartment.
4. Q:_____________________________________________
A: It’s about five blocks from my apartment to campus.
5. Q:________________________________________________
A: I have three roommates right now.
6. Q:__________________________________
A: He is the tall one with the glasses.
7. Q:
A: My other roommate has brown curly hair and a moustache.

8. Q:_________________________________________________
: He usually rides his motorcycle.

Reading 1 – relative pronouns

Activity:
1.Read the text
2.Underline the relative pronouns
3.write questions according to the reading and find the answer in it.

Relatives

I hope you know what I'm talking about. I could be talking about "who", "which", "whose" and so on, or I could be talking about aunts, uncles and cousins. That's the trouble with English. One word can have two quite different meanings. Well, in this short piece I'm going to talk about both — that is primarily aunts, uncles and so on and with a bit of luck the other "relatives" should be there too.Anyhow, there are those members of the family whom you regard as part of the family and it never occurs to you that the chap whom you call Dave is also someone to whom you could give the title "uncle". You know him so well that it never occurs to you that he is in fact a relative. Then there are those that you only see on special occasions, which don't take place very often like weddings and funerals. In the former you're usually enjoying yourself so much that you don't take much notice of them and in the latter you hardly talk to anyone because it's a time when you don't talk much to anyone and a place where you don't normally go out of your way to be sociable.Then there is that special category of relatives which you hardly ever consider and whose names you only vaguely remember because they did something terrible or left the country in a hurry or who have funny ways which most of us can't accept.I had one like that, an aunt whose name was Enid. In fact whenever I hear the name spoken or read it in a book, I always conjure up in my mind that aunt who must have been the strangest member that my family has produced. As a child I had heard stories about her that may or may not have been true. The best one I remember was when she ended up in hospital with a broken leg. Apparently she was very proud of her house, which she kept in an immaculate condition, and in this particular incident that illustrates her eccentricity, she had seen a mess on one of the rugs she kept in her sitting room. As she was expecting a visitor, who was due any minute, she opened the door to the garden and threw out the rug that was causing the trouble and whose stain was upsetting her. Unfortunately she forgot to get off the rug first and threw herself out into the garden as well. That was how she ended up in the hospital with a broken leg. There were endless stories like those, which were probably exaggerated and that had been added to over the years. Nobody really knew what was true and what was complete fabrication. The one thing that nobody could understand or explain was why she had gone to live in another country where she had stayed for more than twenty years. Everybody had something to say on the matter: she had had an unhappy love affair with a man who was married, she wanted to make a fresh start in a place where no-one knew her, she wanted to get away from her family whom she couldn't put up with. Such stories, which grew in number as the years went by, fascinated me. The strange thing was that not one of these stories fitted with the generally accepted belief that Aunt Enid was supposed to be a very shy person, who wouldn't have the courage to say boo to a goose. This was an enigma that I wanted to resolve and when I heard that she was returning to the place where she was born, I hoped I might have the opportunity to meet this living legend and get to the bottom of these stories.Dear Friend, if you have any questions or comments regarding this article.

reflexive pronouns.

LOS PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS EN LA COMUNICACIÓN
Los pronombres relativos se utilizan para conectar dos o más ideas que podrían expresarse en oraciones independientes, pero cuando se emplean estos pronombres el lenguaje suena más natural y se incorpora el princinpio de economía, es decir, se dice más con menos palabras y sin mucha redundancia.

Por ejemplo:

¿CUÁLES SON LOS PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS?

(A) QUE(B) QUIEN, QUIENES(C) EL QUE, LA QUE, LOS QUE, LAS QUE, EL CUAL, LA CUAL, LOS CUALES, LAS CUALES(D) CUYO, CUYA, CUYOS, CUYAS(E) LO CUAL, LO QUE(F) LO QUE(G) DONDE(H) CUANTO, CUANTA, CUANTOS, CUANTAS
¿EN QUÉ CASOS UTILIZAMOS ESTOS PRONOMBRES?

(A) QUE (personas o cosas)

1. Se utiliza en oraciones especificativas en las que el antecedente es persona o cosa (singular o plural). Generalmente estas oraciones empiezan con un artículo y son de carácter indefinido, es decir, no preciso. La frase relativa aclara o especifica la naturaleza de la idea expresada. Al decir, el profesor es peruano, no sabemos de qué profesor estamos hablando. Pero si decimos, el profesor que me enseña es peruano, la frase es más específica. Observe otros ejemplos:

El escritor que dio la charla es muy leído en toda Europa.
Los niños que se quedan huérfanos suelen sufrir mucho.
Aquí está el libro que me prestaste el otro día.
Éstas son las cartas que debemos quemar.
2. Al referirse a personas, no podemos utilizar QUIEN en estas frases con artículo:

El hombre quien vino era alto y delgado. (INCORRECTO)
El hombre que vino era alto y delgado. (CORRECTO)
Pero sí podemos decir (utilizando comas):

El Sr. Ponce, que vino tarde, es un poco irresponsable. (CORRECTO)
El Sr. Ponce, quien vino tarde, es un poco irresponsable. (CORRECTO)
Pedro y Zoila, que se casan mañana, vivirán en México. (CORRECTO)
Pedro y Zola, quienes se casan mañana, vivirán en México. (CORRECTO)
Es decir, siempre podemos utilizar QUE, pero no siempre podemos utilizar QUIEN o QUIENES.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) QUIEN, QUIENES (personas)
1. Se utilizan en oraciones explicativas como las anteriores sobre el Sr. Ponce, Pedro y Zoila. Observe otros ejemplos:

Te presento a María, quien (que) es la nueva secretaria en la empresa.
García Márquez y Vargas Llosa, quienes (que) son escritores latinoamericanos de renombre, han prometido asistir al congreso.
2. También se usan cuando van precedidos de preposición. En estos casos no se puede utilizar el relativo QUE. Observe estos ejemplos:

Ésa es la muchacha con quien bailé toda la noche.
Los jefes para quienes trabajé en el pasado eran muy capaces.
Es importante señalar que también podemos decir:

Ésa es la muchacha con la que (con la cual) bailé toda la noche.
Los jefes para los que (para los cuales) trabajé eran muy capaces.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(C) EL QUE, LA QUE, LOS QUE, LAS QUE, EL CUAL, LA CUAL, LOS CUALES, LAS CUALES
1. Los usamos para referirnos a personas como otra alternativa al empleo de PREPOSICIÓN + QUIEN (QUIENES). Observe los ejemplos:

Ése es el colega del que (del cual / de quien) te hablé.
Ésa es la colega de la que (de la cual / de quien) te hablé.
Éstos son los amigos a los que (a los cuales / a quienes) siempre escribo.
2. Los usamos también para referirnos a cosas cuando van precedidos de preposición. Aquí, claro, no podemos emplear QUIEN o QUIENES porque no se trata de personas. Observe:

Se promulgaron nuevas leyes entre las que (entre las cuales) se establece un nuevo impuesto a las ventas.
Me asignaron una nueva oficina enfrente de la que (enfrente de la cual) hay una vista maravillosa.
Aquélla es la casa en la que (en la cual) se dice que habitan fantasmas.
3. También se usan cuando son sujetos de la oración (excepto CUAL o derivados)

El que (Quien) sepa la verdad debe decirla enseguida.
Los que (Quienes) vinieron tarde no recibirán nada.
La que (Quien) quiera participar en el movimiento feminista en nuestra ciudad, que levante la mano, por favor.
Recuerde que en las últimas tres oraciones relativas (sujeto de la oración) no puede utilizarse el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales.

4. Antes de mencionarse como sujetos de oración, puede usarse a veces una frase preposicional. Observe los ejemplos:

En mi casa la que (quien) paga las cuentas es mi hermana mayor.
En mi oficina los que (quienes) organizan las fiestas son Luis y Pablo.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(D) CUYO, CUYA, CUYOS, CUYAS (posesión)
Expresan posesión y tienen que guardar concordancia de género y número con la persona o cosa poseída. A veces pueden ir precedidos de preposición.

Hoy día hablaremos del autor cuya última novela ha causado furor.
Ayer conocí a una muchacha cuyos padres son millonarios.
Agradecemos al Sr. Pinto, sin cuya ayuda no habríamos logrado nada.
Éste es el Sr. Torres, con cuyo hermano fui a la escuela primaria.
Estos relativos de posesión se emplean generalmente en el lenguaje escrito y muy poco en el lenguaje oral, salvo que sea un discurso o una situación muy formal (la Asamblea General de la ONU).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(E) LO CUAL, LO QUE
Estos pronombres se usan para referirse a una idea completa en el antecedente, es decir, a toda una frase. Para ser utilizados, debe haber un antecedente. Observe estos ejemplos:

El jefe no nos dio el aumento prometido, lo cual (lo que) enfadó a todos.
Van a subir el precio de los pasajes, lo cual (lo que) ha motivado una serie de protestas por parte del público en general.
Dicen que van a despedir personal, lo cual (lo que) me tiene muy preocupado.
Un error frecuente que debe evitarse es el siguiente:

Este es el traje por lo cual (por lo que) pagué $3,000. (INCORRECTO)
Este es el traje por el cual (por el que) pagué $3,000. (CORRECTO)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------



(F) LO QUE
Se usa este relativo cuando el antecedente no está expreso explícitamente o es desconocido. En estos casos no se puede usar "lo cual". Observe:

Te voy a contar lo que escribió Juan a su jefe en el memorando.
No sé lo que piensas, pero por favor decídete de una vez por todas.
Lo que dijo el delegado dejó sorprendidos a todos, incluso a mí.
Lo que vas a hacer está muy mal, así es que mejor cambias de parecer.
Recuerde que en estas cuatro oraciones sería incorrecto usar "lo cual".
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(G) DONDE (lugar)
Se usa para expresar lugar. Con verbos como ir a, viajar a (verbos de movimiento), se usa a veces ADONDE aunque hay pesonas que emplean DONDE para todos los casos.

Iré contigo donde (adonde) tú quieras.
Si hay una misión, viajaré donde (adonde) me envíen, sea el lugar que sea.
Encontraremos el documento donde lo haya escondido el astuto de Juan.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(H) CUANTO, CUANTA, CUANTOS, CUANTAS Cuanto = Todo lo que

Cuantos = Todos los que
Cuanta = Toda la que

Cuantas = Todas las que
Te pagaré cuanto dinero me prestaste; no quiero deberte nada.
Te daré cuanta ayuda necesites para concluir el informe.
Compraremos cuantos libros sean necesarios para estar preparados.
Le devolvió cuantas cartas le había escrito durante su relación.
Estos pronombres son poco utilizados en la lengua hablada. Es más frecuente decir:

Te pagaré todo el dinero que me prestaste; no quiero deberte nada.
Te daré toda la ayuda que necesites para concluir el informe.
Compraremos todos los libros que sean necesarios para estar preparados.
Le devolvió todas las cartas que le había escrito durante su relación.
Fíjese que debe utilizarse el relativo QUE después de todo+artículo+sustantivo.

A veces se utiliza la palabra TODO (o derivados) más CUANTO (o derivados) para dar mayor énfasis a la idea expresada. Por ejemplo:

Te daré toda cuanta ayuda necesites para terminar el proyecto.
Algún día te devolveré todo cuanto (todo lo que) has hecho por mí.
Los pronombres relativos en ingles son:

who que, quién, el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para personas)

whom a quien, al cual, a la cual, a los cuales, a las cuales (para personas)

whose de que, de quien, del cual, de la cual, de los cuales, de las cuales, cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas (para personas)

which que, lo que, el cual, lo cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para cosas)

that que, el que, la que, los que, las que (para personas y cosas)

what lo que

a.) Who tiene las funciones de sujeto y su antecedente (el sujeto al que refiere) debe ser una persona, aunque puede ocasionalmente referir un animal personificado, como por ejemplo en cuentos.

The man who knew too much / El hombre que sabía demasiado

b.) Whom Es muy formal y se emplea en lenguaje escríto, no siendo muy habitual su uso en lenguaje hablado..

c.) Whose expresa posesión y pertenencia y se refiere únicamente a personas, (también excepcionalmente a animales y a nombres colectivos).

The family whose house we stayed in / La familia en cuya casa estuvimos

d.) Which se emplea como sujeto y como complemento y se refiere solamente a cosas o animales:

The car which is in the garage / El coche que está en el garage.
This is the car which I go to work in / Éste es el coche con el cual voy a trabajar.

e.) That se emplea como sujeto o complemento directo y puede referirse a personas, cosas o animales:

The letter that came yesterday is from my mother / La carta que llegó ayer es de mi madre.
The man that came to our house / El hombre que vino a nuestra casa.

- Diferencia entre who y that -

Generalmente, es indiferente usar 'who' y 'that'. Sin embargo, existen diferencias entre ambos que hacen más apropiado el uso de uno u otro pronombre dependiendo de si se está identificando o no al sujeto.

Where is the girl (who / that) sells the ice cream? / ¿Dónde está la chica que vende el helado? (ambos usos, 'who' y 'that' son correctos)
This is Carol, who sells the ice cream / Ésta es Carol, la cual vende el helado.
This is Carol, that sells the ice cream (uso inadecuado de 'that')

'That' normalmente no puede ir precedido de una preposición

Después de superlativos y pronombres indefinidos debemos emplear 'that' en lugar de 'who'

It's the best film that I've ever seen / Es la mejor película que he visto nunca.
It's something that makes him cry / Es algo que le hace llorar..

f) What generalmente hace referencia a acciones o situaciones.

I know what you're thinking / Sé lo que estás pensando
Nobody knows what will happen tomorrow / Nadie sabe que pasará mañana


RELATIVOS COMPUESTOS

whoever cualquiera que (personas) whomever cualquiera que (personas, más formal)
whichever cualquiera que (personas, cosas) whatever

Relative Pronouns
relative pronoun
use
example
who
subject or object pronoun for people
I told you about the woman who lives next door.
which
subject or object pronoun for animals and things
Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
which
referring to a whole sentence
He couldn’t read which surprised me.
whose
possession for people animals and things
Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
whom
object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)
I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
that
subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)
I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen


Relative Pronouns (who / which / whose)

Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose).
1. This is the bank whowhichwhosewas robbed yesterday.
2. A boy whowhichwhosesister is in my class was in the bank at that time.
3. The man whowhichwhoserobbed the bank had two pistols.
4. He wore a mask whowhichwhosemade him look like Mickey Mouse.
5. He came with a friend whowhichwhosewaited outside in the car.
6. The woman whowhichwhosegave him the money was young.
7. The bag whowhichwhosecontained the money was yellow.
8. The people whowhichwhosewere in the bank were very frightened.
9. A man whowhichwhosemobile was ringing did not know what to do.
10. A woman whowhichwhosedaughter was crying tried to calm her.
11. The car whowhichwhosethe bank robbers escaped in was orange.
12. The robber whowhichwhosemask was obviously too big didn't drive.
13. The man whowhichwhosedrove the car was nervous.
14. He didn't wait at the traffic lights whowhichwhosewere red.
15. A police officer whowhichwhosecar was parked at the next corner stopped and arrested them

Complete the sentences using relative clauses. Use who and which.
1. A Scot is a person (live in Scotland)
2. Nessie is a monster (live in Loch Ness)
3. A fridge is a thing (keep food cool)
4. A DJ is someone (play music in a disco)
5. A bee is an insect (make honey)
6. A lemon is a fruit (be yellow and sour)
7. A watch is a thing (tell the time)
8. A ferry is a ship (carry people across the water)
9. A shop assistant is someone (work in a shop)
10. A key is a thing (can open and lock doors)

What do you want to be?

What do you want to be

SOFIA:

Hi, I am Sofia and I am 18 years old.I wasborn and live in Italy.I’m going t olive in Panama with my parents because of my father’s work. I’m going to finish my high school in an italian school but I want to learn spanish because I want to be an agronomist and I would study in an University there,in Panama therefore, I would like to meet new friends. People from Panama are sociable like Italian people.

KAREN

My name is Karen . I am 21 and I am Radish’s wife. My mother is Chilean and my father is English.My brother and I speak English and Spanish.
London is a great place to be for me because I’m going to be and architect and,here in London , there are many well-paid jobs and lots of interesting buidings and castles around that help me to be creative.

Complete these sentences with the correct name:
a. __________________ doesn’t study
b. _____________ thinks the city helps her to be creative.
c. ____________ doesn’t have got a creative.
d. ___________ doesn’t speak Spanish.
e. ____________ is younger tan _____________ and ___________
f. ______________ is a city with well-paid jobs.

Read the sentences and tick true or false

a. Sophia is in High School ______
b. Karen is an architect and she is buiding an interesting castle. _____
c. Rashid can speak more languages tan Karen and Sofia ______
d. Karen’s parents were born in different countries_____
e. Rashis would like to work in another country because he has a badly –paid job ___

Synonyms

1.Before ___heat up
2.Crash ___break up
3.Do ___throw out
4.Expel ____perform, execute
5.Fry ____earlier
6.Gray _____grey

hola hoy voy a ponerles unos ejemplos de sinonimos y antonimos...

por ejemplo:

ignore; (ignorar) sinonimo: disregard,overlook,slight,omit,reject,
antonimo:notice,regard,heed,acknowledge,
recognize, accept.

ill (enfermo) sinonimo; sick,unwell,complaining.
antonimo; well, fine,healthy.

hot: (caliente) sinonimo; burning,flaming,heated.
antonimo: cool,cold, freezing.

bueno ahora las invito a que Usted(s) escriban diez mas en inglés
1.
2.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

phrasal verbs

1. organize each phrasal in a square with the following columns: number, phrasal verb, translationverbs .
2. copy 20sentences using the following phrasal verbs


Phrasal verbs
(to) eat away: roer, carcomer, corroer, desgastar. (to) eat into: corroer, comerse. (to) eat out: comer fuera, cenar fuera. (to) eat up: comerse, consumir, tragar, devorar. (to) egg on: animar, incitar. (to) end in: acabar en, terminar con. (to) end off: acabar, terminar, ir a parar. (to) face up to: afrontar, enfrentar, enfrentarse a. (to) fall about: troncharse, partirse (de risa). (to) fall apart: romperse, deshacerse, caerse a pedazos. (to) fall away: disminuir/desaparecer/desprenderse. (to) fall back: retroceder, retirarse. (to) fall back on to: recurrir a, echar mano de, apoyarse en. (to) fall behind: retrasarse, quedarse atrás, rezagarse. (to) fall behind with: retrasarse. (to) fall down: caer, caerse/ hundirse, derrumbarse, venirse abajo/fallar/ dejarse engañar por, picar. (to) fall in love: enamorarse de. (to) fall in: desplomarse, venirse abajo/ alinearse, formar filas, ponerse en filas. (to) fall in with: encontrarse con, juntarse con/convenir en, aprobar, aceptar (to) fall into: dividirse en, clasificarse en/ adquirir. (to) fall off: bajar, disminuir/ empeorar/ desprenderse, caerse. (to) fall on: incidir en, recaer en, tocar a/atacar, caer sobre. (to) fall out: reñir/ pelearse /romper filas/ caerse. (to) fall over: caer, tropezar con/ caerse (to) fall through: fracasar, quedar en nada. (to) fall to: empezar a, ponerse a/ corresponder a, incumbir a, tocar a. (to) fall under: clasificarse en, estar incluido,-a en. (to) feel for: compadecer a, compadecerse de. (to) feel up to: sentirse con ánimos para, sentirse con fuerzas para. (to) figure on: contar con, esperar. (to) figure out: comprender, explicarse/ resolver, calcular. (to) fill in: rellenar/poner al corriente. (to) fill in for: sustituir a. (to) fill out: engordar/rellenar. (to) fill up: llenar/ llenarse. (to) find out: preguntar, averiguar/ enterarse de/ calar, pillar, descubrir el juego/ informarse/ enterarse (to) get about: moverse, desplazarse, salir/ viajar/ difundirse. (to) get across: cruzar/ atravesar/ hacer comprender, hacer entender/ hacerse entender. (to) get ahead: adelantar, progresar. (to) get along: arreglárselas, apañárselas/ marcharse, irse. (to) get along with: llevarse (bien) con/ marchar, ir con. (to) get around: moverse, desplazarse/ viajar/ difundirse/ evitar, sortear. (to) get around to: encontrar tiempo para. (to) get at: alcanzar, llegar a/ insinuar/ criticar/ meterse con. (to) get away: escaparse, irse/ alejar, quitar, sacar. (to) get away with: salir impune de. (to) get back: volver, regresar/ moverse hacia atrás, retroceder/ recuperar. (to) get behind: atrasarse. (to) get by: arreglárselas/ pasar. (to) get down: deprimir, desanimar/bajar/ apuntar, anotar/tragar/bajarse. (to) get down to: ponerse a. (to) get in: llegar/entrar/subir/ser elegido,-a/ meter/recoger, cosechar/ recoger/comprar/llamar. (to) get into: llegar a, entrar en/ subir a. (to) get off: quitarse/ bajarse de/ bajarse/ salir/ comenzar/ escaparse. (to) get off with: ligar. (to) get on: subir a, subirse a, montar a/progresar, avanzar, ir/tener éxito/ llevarse bien, avenirse, entenderse/ seguir, continuar/ hacerse mayor, envejecerse. (to) get on for: ser casi. (to) get on to: ponerse en contacto con, localizar/ empezar a hablar de, pasar a. (to) get out: sacar/quitar/salir/bajar de, bajarse de/escapar(se)/llegar a saberse, hacerse público,-a. (to) get out of: librarse de/ dejar, perder la costumbre. (to) get over: recuperarse de/ sobreponerse a/ salvar/ vencer/ comunicar, hacer comprender. (to) get over with: acabar con. (to) get round: salvar/ evitar, soslayar/ convencer, persuader/ difundirse, hacerse público,-a, llegar a saber. (to) get round to: encontrar tiempo para. (to) get through: llegar/ conseguir hablar ((to, con))/ hacerse comprender ((to, a))/ acabar, terminar/ consumir/gastar/ beber/aprobar. (to) get together: reunirse, juntarse/juntar, reunir/ montar/ recoger, reunir. (to) get up: levantarse/ subir/ levantarse/despertar/ disfrazarse. (to) get up to: hacer/ llegar a (to) give away: distribuir, repartir/regular/entregar/delatar, traicionar/revelar, descubrir. (to) give back: devolver. (to) give in: darse por vencido,-a, rendirse/ceder/entregar. (to) give in to: ceder ante. (to) give off: despedir, desprender, emitir. (to) give onto: dar a. (to) give out: distribuir, repartir/ anunciar/ acabarse, agotarse/ averiarse, sufrir una avería. (to) give over: entregar/ dedicar, asignar/ dejar de. (to) give up: dejar/ abandonar, renunciar a /ceder, renunciar/entregarse/ darse por vencido,-a, rendirse. (to) give up on: abandonar, desistir. (to) go about: emprender, hacer/ continuar. (to) go after: perseguir, andar tras. (to) go against: ir en contra de/ser desfavorable a. (to) go ahead: proceder. (to) go ahead with: proceder. (to) go along: pasar por/ progresar, ir/ ir. (to) go along with: estar de acuerdo con. (to) go around: bastar, ser suficiente, haber/ correr, circular/ ir, andar/ salir ((with, con))/ andar ((with, con))/ girar, dar vueltas/ recorrer. (to) go away: marcharse. (to) go back: volver, regresar/datar de/ remontarse a. (to) go back on: romper, no cumplir. (to) go by: pasar/ atenerse a, seguir/ dejarse llevar por/ juzgar por. (to) go down: bajar/ deshincharse/ ponerse/ hundirse/ ser acogido,-a. (to) go down with: coger, pillar. (to) go for: atacar/ ir a buscar/ gustar/ valer para. (to) go in: entrar. (to) go in for: participar en, tomar parte en/ presentarse a/ dedicarse a/ ser partidario,-a de. (to) go into: entrar en/ investigar/ chocar contra. (to) go off: marcharse/ estallar/ sonar/ dispararse/ estropearse, pasarse/ cortarse/ apagarse/ perder el gusto por, perder el interés por. (to) go off with: escaparse con. (to) go on: seguir, continuar/ pasar, ocurrir/ quejarse/ hablar sin parar/ encenderse/ estar a punto de cumplir. (to) go out: salir/ apagarse. (to) go over: revisar, repasar. (to) go over to: pasarse a/ cambiar a, pasar a. (to) go round: dar vueltas, girar/ pasar por casa de, visitar. (to) go through: pasar por, sufrir, padecer/ examiner/ registrar/ gastar/ explicar/ ser aprobado,-a. (to) go through with: llevar a cabo. (to) go towards: destinar a, reservar para. (to) go under: hundirse/ fracasar. (to) go up: subir/ acercarse/ levantarse/ estallar/ to go up in flames, incendiarse. (to) go with: acompañar/ ir con, estar incluido,-a/ hacer juego con. (to) go without: pasar sin, prescindir de. (to) grow apart: distanciarse. (to) grow away from: distanciarse de. (to) grow into: convertirse en, hacerse. (to) grow on: llegar a gustar. (to) grow out of: perder, quitarse/ quedarle pequeño,-a a. (to) grow up: hacerse mayor/ criarse, crecer/ surgir, nacer, desarrollarse. (to) hand around: repartir, ofrecer, pasar. (to) hand back: devolver. (to) hand down: transmitir/ pasar/ dejar en herencia. (to) hand in: entregar/ presentar, notificar. (to) hand on: transmitir, heredar: (give) pasar, dar. (to) hand out: repartir, distribuir/ dar/ aplicar. (to) hand over: entregar/ ceder. (to) hang about / hang around: esperar/ perder el tiempo/ frecuentar. (to) hang back: quedarse atrás/ vacilar. (to) hang down: colgar, caer. (to) hang on: agarrarse/ esperar. (to) hang out: tender/ soler estar. (to) hang up: colgar/ colgar. (to) have on: llevar puesto,-a/ tomar el pelo a. (to) have out: sacarse/ operarse de. (to) hold back: retener/ ocultar/ contener/ reprimir/ guarder/ vacilar, no atreverse/ abstenerse. (to) hold down: dominar/ desempeñar. (to) hold forth: hablar largo y tendido ((on/about, sobre)). (to) hold off: mantener alejado,-a/ refrenarse. (to) hold on: agarrarse fuerte, agarrarse bien/ esperar/ no colgar. (to) hold on to: cogerse a, agarrarse a/ guardar. (to) hold out: tender, ofrecer/ durar/ resistir. (to) hold over: aplazar. (to) hold up: atracar, as altar/ retrasar/ levanter/ aguantar, sostener/ aguantar, resistir. (to) hold with: estar de acuerdo con. (to) iron out: planchar/ resolver, solucionar. (to) jack in: dejar, colgar. (to) jack off: meneársela/ masturbar. (to) jack up: levantar con gato/ subir. (to) jump at: aceptar sin pensarlo. (to) keep at: perseverar en algo/ no dejar en paz, machacar. (to) keep away: mantener a distancia ((from, de)), no dejar a uno acercarse ((from, a))/ mantenerse a distancia, evitar contacto con. (to) keep back: retener, guardar/ ocultar, no revelar/ contener/ tener a raya/ estorbar, impedir/ mantener atrás, contener/ mantenerse atrás, alejarse. (to) keep down: oprimir, sujetar/ mantener bajo/ limitar, controlar/ mantener en el estómago/ agacharse, no levantar la cabeza. (to) keep from: abstenerse de, guardarse de. (to) keep in: no dejar salir/ hacer quedar/ contener/ costear, pagar. (to) keep in with: mantener buenas relaciones con. (to) keep off: mantenerse a distancia/ no llover/ no dejar entrar, no dejar acercarse/ no tocar, no hablar de. (to) keep on: seguir, continuar/ no quitarse. (to) keep on about: insistir en, no parar de hablar de. (to) keep out: no dejar entrar, no dejar pasar/ no entrar. (to) keep out of: no entrar en/ no meterse en. (to) keep to: atenerse a, cumplir/ no dejar, no salir de. (to) keep together: mantenerse juntos,-as, no separarse. (to) keep under: tener subyugado. (to) keep up: mantener, seguir/ mantener despierto,-a, tener en vela/ aguantar el ritmo/ mantenerse al día. (to) keep up with: seguir/ mantenerse al corriente de/ mantener el contacto con. (to) kick against something: protestar contra, reaccionar contra. (to) kick around: andar por ahí/ dar vueltas a. (to) kick in: romper a patadas. (to) kick off: sacar, hacer el saque inicial/ empezar, comenzar/ empezar, comenzar, iniciar/ quitarse. (to) kick out: echar a uno. (to) knock about: rodar, recorrer/ andar con/ pegar, maltratar: (to) knock around: to knock about. (to) knock back: beberse de un trago, rápidamente o en grandes cantidades/ soplar, costar. (to) knock down: derribar/ atropellar/ derribar/ rebajar/ adjudicar ((to, a)). (to) knock off: tirar, hacer caer/ birlar, mangar, chorizar, afanar/ cargarse, liquidar/ descontar/ quitar/ acabar, salir del trabajo. (to) knock out: dejar sin conocimiento/ dejar dormido,-a/ poner fuera de combate, dejar K.O./ eliminar/ hacer rápidamente, producir rápidamente/ dejar pasmado,-a, dejar boquiabierto,-a: (to) knock over: volcar, tirar/ atropellar. (to) knock together: hacer de prisa, hacer rápidamente/ entrechocarse. (to) knock up: despertar, llamar/ hacer de prisa, preparar/ dejar embarazada/ pelotear. (to) lay about: agredir. (to) lay aside: dejar a un lado/ dejar de lado. (to) lay before: presentar. (to) lay by: guarder/ ahorrar. (to) lay down: dejar, soltar/ entregar/ imponer, fijar/ sentar/ guardar. (to) lay in: proveerse de. (to) lay into: atacar. (to) lay off: despedir/ dejar en paz, dejar de molestar/ parar. (to) lay on: facilitar, suministrar/ cargar. (to) lay out: tender, extender/ disponer, colocar/ presentar, exponer/ hacer el trazado de/ diseñar/ dejar fuera de combate/ desembolsar. (to) lay over: hacer una parada ((at/in, en)): (plane) hacer escala ((at/in, en)). (to) lay up: almacenar. (to) leave off: dejar de/ acabar, terminar. (to) leave out: omitir, excluir/ excluir. (to) let down: bajar/ alargar/ desinflar/ fallar, defraudar. (to) let in: dejar entrar. (to) let into: dejar entrar / incrustar en/ revelar. (to) let off: dejar/ hacer explotar/ hacer estallar/ perdonar/ dejar marcharse/ dejar en libertad. (to) let on: decir, descubrir/ hacer ver. (to) let out: dejar salir/ soltar ((from, de))/ soltar: he let out a shriek of pain, soltó un grito de dolor/ ensanchar/ divulgar, hacer público,-a/ alquilar. (to) let through: dejar pasar. (to) let up: parar. (to) let up on: dejar en paz. (to) look after: ocuparse de, atender a/ cuidar (de). (to) look ahead: mirar hacia adelante. (to) look at: mirar, considerer/ mirar. (to) look back: mirar atrás. (to) look down on: despreciar. (to) look for: buscar. (to) look forward to: esperar (con ansia). (to) look in on: pasar (un momento) por. (to) look into: investigar. (to) look on: considerer/observar. (to) look like: parecerse a. (to) look onto: dar a. (to) look out: ir con cuidado, buscarse. (to) look out for: esperar, estar al tanto. (to) look over: mirar por encima. (to) look round: volver la cabeza/ mirar/ mirar/ visitar. (to) look through: revisar/ ojear. (to) look to: contar con/ centrarse en. (to) look up: mejorar/ consultar, buscar/ ir a ver. (to) look up to: respetar. (to) make after: seguir a, perseguir a. (to) make for: dirigirse hacia/ abalanzarse sobre/ contribuir a, crear, conducir a. (to) make into: convertir en, transformar en. (to) make of: pensar, opinar, parecer/ entender/ dar importancia a. (to) make off: escaparse, largarse, huir. (to) make off with / make away with: llevarse, escaparse con. (to) make out: hacer/ extender, hacer/ redactor/ distinguir, divisar/ descifrar/ entender, comprender/ pretender, hacerse pasar por/ arreglárselas, apañárselas/ darse el lote, pegarse el lote. (to) make over: ceder, transferir, traspasar/convertir, transformar. (to) make up: inventar/hacer/ montar/ preparer/ componer/ confeccionar, hacer/ completer/ componer, formar, integrar/ representar/ maquillar/ compensar/ cubrir/ suplir/ recuperar/ maquillarse, pintarse/ hacer las paces, reconciliarse. (to) make up for: compensar. (to) make up to: halagar a/ congraciarse con/ recompensar, pagar. (to) make with: dar, traer. (to) mark down: rebajar el precio de/ bajar la nota de/ apuntar. (to) mark off: separar, dividir, distinguir/ delimiter/ tachar. (to) mark out: marcar, delimiter/ marcar, trazar/ señalar, seleccionar. (to) mark up: subir (el precio de), aumentar (el precio de)/ subir la nota de. (to) mix up: mezclar bien/ preparar/ confundir/ desordenar, revolver, mezclar. (to) nod off: dormirse, dar cabezadas. (to) pan out: salir, resultar. (to) pass away: pasar a mejor vida. (to) pass by: pasar/ pasar de largo. (to) pass down: pasar/ transmitir. (to) pass for: pasar por. (to) pass off: pasar, transcurrir/ parar/ pasarse/ hacer pasar ((as, por)). (to) pass on: pasar, dar/ contagiar/ pasar a mejor vida/ pasar ((to, a)). (to) pass out: desmayarse, perder el conocimiento/ graduarse/ repartir. (to) pass over: pasar por alto, dejar de lado, olvidar/ atravesar, cruzar. (to) pass through: estar de paso/ pasar por, atravesar. (to) pass up: dejar pasar, dejar escapar, desperdiciar/ rechazar. (to) pick at: tocar/ comer sin ganas. (to) pick off: matar uno a uno. (to) pick on: meterse con/ elegir, escoger. (to) pick out: elegir, escoger/ distinguir/ reconocer/ tocar de oído. (to) pick up: levantar/ recoger/ coger/ coger/ descolgar/ aprender/ adquirir, coger/ descubrir, enterarse de/ pescar, pillar/ conseguir, encontrar/ recoger, pasar a buscar/ coger/ recoger/ ligar con, ligarse/ detener/ captar, recibir/ reanudar/ reprender ((for, por))/ corregir/ darse cuenta de/ mejorar/ subir/ seguir, continuar. (to) pick up on: hacer reseña de/ volver a/ señalar. (to) pitch forward: caer de bruces, caer de cabeza. (to) pitch in: empezar/empezar a comer/ cooperar/ contribuir. (to) pitch into: emprender enérgicamente algo/ atacar, arremeter contra, poner como un trapo. (to) pitch off: quitar de encima, sacudir/ caer. (to) pitch out: tirar/ echar, expulsar, poner de patitas en la calle. (to) pitch over: tirar/ volcarse. (to) pitch (up) on: elegir, escoger/ encontrar, dar con. (to) pull about: manosear, estropear. (to) pull along: arrastrar/arrastrarse. (to) pull apart: romper, partir en dos/ desmontar/ criticar duramente/ separar, despegar, desunir. (to) pull away: arrancar/ quitar arrancando/ adelantarse/ seguir remando, tirar enérgicamente de los remos/ apartarse bruscamente de uno. (to) pull back: retirar/ retener, tirar hacia atrás/ tirar hacia sí, descorrer/ remontar un gol/retirar/ contenerse/ rajarse. (to) pull down: bajar, tirar hacia abajo, rebajar, hacer caer, tumbar/ derribar, demoler, derribar/ debilitar/ ganar. (to) pull in: tirar hacia sí/ recoger/ cobrar/ detener/ enfrenar/ ganar/ atraer/ parar/ llegar a la estación/ apretarse el cinturón. (to) pull off: arrancar, separar/ quitar de un tirón/quitarse de prisa/ llevar a cabo/ cerrar/ concluir con éxito algo/ ganar/ lograrlo/ llevarlo a cabo/ vencer./ salir. (to) pull on: ponerse (de prisa)/ tirar de. (to) pull out: sacar, extraer/ tirar hacia fuera/ tirar a uno de un hoyo a estirones/ sacar a uno de un río/ estirar, extender/ retirar/ irse, marcharse/ retirarse/ salirse/ salir (de la estación)/ sale fácilmente. (to) pull over: acercar tirando/ derribar, volcar/ hacerse a un lado, desviarse hacia un lado. (to) pull round: ayudar a uno a reponerse/ reponerse. (to) pull through: sacar a uno de un apuro o de una enfermedad/ salir de un apuro/ reponerse, recobrar la salud. (to) pull together: reorganizar un escrito, recuperar/ trabajar con un espíritu común, trabajar con espíritu de equipo/ sobreponerse, serenarse, recuperar la calma, animarse. (to) pull up: alzar, levantar, tirar hacia arriba/ alzar/ acercar/ arrancar, dessarraigar/ fortalecer/ parar, refrenar/ reprender/ pararse, detenerse/ pararse/ contenerse/ interrumpirse/ mejorar/ mejorar su posición. (to) put about, (to put around: diseminar, hacer correr/ dar a entender que..., hacer creer que..., hacer correr el rumor de que.../ hacer virar/ virar, cambiar de bordada,. (to) put across: comunicar/ hacer entender/ hacer aceptar/ presentar/ cerrar/ engañar a uno, embaucar a uno/ dar una paliza a uno/ impresionar con su personalidad/ presentarse de manera eficaz/ comunicar eficazmente lo que uno quiere decir. (to) put apart: separar a alguien de otras personas. (to) put aside: rechazar, desechar, dejar, poner a un lado/ dejar de lado, poner a parte/ guardar, poner aparte, ahorrar/ devolver a su lugar/ poner en el garaje/ envainar/ guardar/ desechar/ descartar, repudiar/ encarcelar, recluir en un manicomio/ alojar/ zamparse. (to) put back: devolver a su lugar/ restituir, volver a poner/ guardar/ volver/ restituir/ dejar/ retrasar/ aplazar/ beberse/ volver a puerto. (to) put by: ahorrar, tener dinero ahorrado= (to) put away. (to) put down: poner en tierra/ poner en el suelo/ depositar/ bajar/ soltar/ dejar/ dejar apearse/ déjalo/ suéltalo/ poner en tierra/ cerrar/ pagar como desembolso inicial/ poner en cava/ suprimir/ sofocar/ dominar/ hacer callar/ dejar sin réplica posible, humillar/ apuntar, poner por escrito/ degradar, pasar a una división inferior/ atribuir/ considerar/ sacrificar. (to) put forth: alargar/ tender/ extender/ echar/ emplear, desplegar. (to) put forward: nombrar, presentar, proponer/ hacer/ presentar, proponer, exponer/adelantar/ ofrecerse con poca modestia, ponerse en evidencia, llamar la atención sobre sí. (to) put in: meter, introducir/ insertar/ interponer/ presentar, aducir/ votar a, elegir/ dedicar, instalar, conectar/ plantar, sembrar/ entrar a puerto, hacer escala en un puerto/ presentarse a un puesto, solicitar un puesto. (to) put off: aplazar, postponer, dejar para después/ disuadir/ desconcertar/ desanimar/ dejar/ quitarse/ apagar/ hacerse a la mar/ salir. (to) put on: ponerse/ aplicar/ acelerar, cobrar velocidad/ asumir/ poner/ representar, poner en escena/ poner/ encender/ aplicar/ echar/ poner a calentar/ adelantar/ dar el nombre, sugerir un nombre, tomar el pelo a . (to) put out: sacar, poner fuera, mandar a pasearse, echar, expulsar, poner en la calle/ desahuciar/ tender la ropa, poner la ropa a secar/ echar al mar/ alargar, tender/ sacar, extender/ asomar, sacar/ echar/ ordenar, disponer, desplegar/ apagar, sofocar/ desconcertar/ enojar, irritar/ incomodar/ dislocarse/ publicar/ sacar a la luz/ hacer/ diseminar/ hacer correr/ , poner el dinero a interés/ hacerse a la mar/ salir de/ tomarse la molestia, molestarse. (to) put over= (to) put across. (to) put one over on sb.= ganar por la mano a uno, engañar a uno, dar a uno gato por liebre. (to) put through: cerrar/ despachar/ hacer aprobar/ poner una llamada/ someter a uno a una prueba. (to) put together: poner juntos, juntar, reunir/ sumar/ añadir/ montar, armar/ juntar, reunir, formar/ confeccionar/ jugar realmente bien. (to) put up: alzar, levantar, poner en alto, levantar, abrir, alzar/ montar, poner/ izar/ colgar/ pegar, fijar, poner/ envainar/ construir/ aumentar, subir/ ofrecer/ presentar/ hacer/ oponer/ nombrar, proponer/ poner una cosa en venta/ dar, poner/ preparar, hacer/ hospedar, alojar/ incitar/ levantar/ presentar/ ofrecerse. (to) put up with: aguantar, resignarse a, conformarse con. (to) put upon: molestar a uno, incomodar a uno, pedirle mucho a uno, abusar de la amabilidad de uno. (to) ride about, (to) ride around: pasearse a caballo, en coche, en bicicleta. (to) ride away: alejarse, irse, partir. (to) ride back: volver a caballo, en bicicleta, etc. (to) ride on: depender de. (to) ride out: aguantar hasta el final de. (to) rip off: arrancar/ timar. (to) rip up: romper, hacer pedazos. (to) round down: redondear (a la baja). (to) round off: completar, acabar. (to) round on: volverse contra. (to) round up: redondear (al alza)/ acorralar/ reunir, juntar. (to) run across: cruzar corriendo/ encontrar, tropezar con. (to) run after: perseguir. (to) run along: irse. (to) run away: irse corriendo, escaparse. (to) run away with: escaparse con/ no te vayas a creer que/ te dejas llevar por. (to) run down: atropellar/ criticar/ agotar/ bajar corriendo/ agotarse/ pararse. (to) run in: rodar/ detener/ entrar corriendo. (to) run into: entrar corriendo en/ chocar con/ tropezar con. (to) run off: imprimir/ irse corriendo. (to) run off with: escaparse con, llevarse. (to) run out: salir corriendo/ acabarse/ agotarse/ caducar. (to) run over: atropellar/ rebosar/ derramar. (to) run through: ensayar/ repasar/ echar un vistazo a. (to) run up: subir corriendo/ acumular/ izar/ subir corriendo. (to) set about: empezar a, ponerse a/ atacar, agredir. (to) set against: enemistar con, poner en contra de/ contraponer, sopesar, comparar con/ desgravar. (to) set apart: distinguir ((from, de)), hacer diferente ((from, de)). (to) set aside: guardar, ahorrar/ dejar/ reservar/ dejar de lado/ anular. (to) set back: apartar, retirar/ retrasar, atrasar/ costar. (to) set down: poner por escrito, escribir/ dejar/ establecer, fijar. (to) set forth: emprender marcha, partir. (to) set in: empezar, comenzar/ surgir/ declararse. (to) set off: salir, ponerse en camino/ hacer estallar, hacer explotar/ hacer sonar/ lanzar, tirar/ hacer empezar, provocar, desencadenar/ hacer resaltar, realzar. (to) set on: echar/ atacar, agredir. (to) set out: partir, salir ((for, para))/ proponerse ((to, -)), tener la intención de, querer/ disponer, exponer/ exponer. (to) set to: ponerse a, empezar a. (to) set up: levantar, erigir/ colocar/ montar/ montar, armar/ poner, server/ montar, poner/ fundar/ abrir/ crear/ proveer de/ ayudar a reponerse/ tender una trampa a/ establecerse ((as, como))/ pretender ser/ establecerse ((as, como)). (to) slip away: pasar, irse/ irse. (to) slip by: pasar, transcurrir. (to) slip into: ponerse. (to) slip off: quitarse. (to) slip on: ponerse. (to) slip out: escaparse. (to) slip out of: quitarse. (to) slip up: equivocarse, cometer un error/ cometer un desliz, meter la pata. (to) stand aside: apartarse, quitarse de en medio/ no tomar parte, mantenerse al margen. (to) stand back: apartarse, echarse hacia atrás, alejarse/ distanciarse ((from, de)). (to) stand by: cruzarse de brazos, quedarse sin hacer nada/ estar preparado,-a, estar listo,-a/ estar en estado de alerta/ no abandonar, respaldar, apoyar, defender/ atenerse a/ cumplir. (to) stand down: retirarse/ dimitir/ retirarse, abandonar el estrado. (to) stand for: significar, querer decir/ representar/ defender, apoyar, ser partidario,-a de/ tolerar, permitir, consentir. (to) stand in for: sustituir, suplir. (to) stand out: destacar, sobresalir/ destacarse, sobresalir/ oponerse ((against, a)). (to) stand over: vigilar a, velar a. (to) stand to: estar en estado de alerta/ poner en estado de alerta. (to) stand up: ponerse de pie, levantarse/ estar de pie/ ponte derecho/ resistir ((to, -)), soportar ((to, -))/ poner en posición vertical/ dejar plantado,-a a, dar un plantón a. (to) stand up for: defender: (support) apoyar. (to) stand up to: hacer frente a, resistir a. (to) show off: fardar, fanfarronear, presumir, lucirse/ hacerse el/la gracioso,-a/ hacer resaltar, realzar/ hacer alarde de, presumir de, fardar con, lucirse con. (to) show up: hacer resaltar, hacer destacar/ revelar, sacar a la luz, poner de manifiesto/ dejar en ridículo, poner en evidencia/ notarse, verse/ acudir, presentarse, aparecer. (to) stand aside: apartarse, quitarse de en medio/ no tomar parte, mantenerse al margen. (to) stand back: apartarse, echarse hacia atrás, alejarse/ distanciarse ((from, de)). (to) stand by: cruzarse de brazos, quedarse sin hacer nada/ estar preparado,-a, estar listo,-a/ estar en estado de alerta/ no abandonar, respaldar, apoyar, defender/ atenerse a/ cumplir. (to) stand down: retirarse/ dimitir/ retirarse, abandonar el estrado. (to) stand for: significar, querer decir/ representar/ defender, apoyar, ser partidario,-a de/ tolerar, permitir, consentir. (to) stand in for: sustituir, suplir. (to) stand out: destacar, sobresalir/ destacarse, sobresalir/ oponerse ((against, a)). (to) stand over: vigilar a, velar a. (to) stand to: estar en estado de alerta/ poner en estado de alerta. (to) stand up: ponerse de pie, levantarse/ estar de pie/ resistir ((to, -)), soportar ((to, -))/ poner en posición vertical/ dejar plantado,-a a, dar un plantón a. (to) stand up for: defender/ apoyar. (to) stand up to: hacer frente a, resistir a. (to) take after: parecerse a. (to) take apart: desmontar, deshacer/ echar por tierra. (to) take aside: llevar a un lado. (to) take away: llevarse, quitar/ restar/ llevar. (to) take back: recibir otra vez, aceptar algo devuelto/ readmitir/ devolver/ retirar, retractar/ hacer recordar. (to) take down: quitar, bajar/ desmontar/ apuntar/ humillar. (to) take for: tomar por. (to) take in: dar cobijo a, alojar, recoger/ engañar/ asimilar, entender, captar/ incluir, abarcar/ meterle a, estrechar. (to) take off: quitarse/ quitar, sacar/ llevar/ tomarse/ imitar/ descontar, rebajar/ despegar/ irse, marcharse/ hacerse popular, tener éxito, ponerse de moda. (to) take on: hacerse cargo de, encargarse de, aceptar/ asumir/ contratar, coger/ desafiar, enfrentarse con/ asumir, tomar, adquirir/ agitarse, ponerse nervioso,-a. (to) take out: sacar, quitar/ invitar a salir/ llevar de paseo/ hacerse, sacar/ obtener/ llevar comida a casa/ eliminar. (to) take out on: tomarla con, desquitarse con, descargarse. (to) take over: tomar (posesión de), apoderarse de/ ocupar/ absorber, adquirir/ hacerse cargo de/ asumir/ tomar el poder, hacerse con el poder/ entrar en funciones, relevar/ repasar/ enseñar, mostrar. (to) take over from: relevar, sustituir. (to) take to: tomar cariño a/ darse a/ empezar a, aficionarse a. (to) take up: ocupar/ llevar, subir/ quitar, levantar/ ocupar/ ocupar, llevar/ continuar, reanudar/ aceptar/ dedicarse a/ volver a/ acortar. (to) take upon: encargarse de. (to) take up on: hacer puntualizaciones sobre/ aceptar (una oferta). (to) take up with: empezar a salir con, entrar en relaciones con/ hablar de. (to) tell against: obrar en contra de. (to) tell apart: distinguir. (to) tell off: regañar, reñir/ destacar. (to) tell on: chivarse de. (to) tick away: transcurrir. (to) tick off: marcar, señalar/ regañar, reñir/ fastidiar, dar rabia. (to) tick over: marchar al ralentí, estar en marcha/ ir tirando. (to) throw about: derrochar. (to) throw away: tirar/ desaprovechar, perder/ malgastar, derrochar/ lanzar al aire. (to) throw back: devolver/ echar atrás. (to) throw back on: obligar a recurrir a. (to) throw in: incluir gratis/ sacar de banda. (to) throw off: deshacerse de, librarse de/ despistar/quitarse. (to) throw on: ponerse. (to) throw out: echar, expulsar/ rechazar/ tirar, tirar a la basura/ juntar de prisa/ improvisar/ juntar. (to) throw up: vomitar, devolver/ abandonar, renunciar a/ arrojar, dar, aportar/ revelar, poner en evidencia/ vomitar, devolver. (to) try for: tratar de obtener. (to) try on: probarse. (to) try out: probar, ensayar. (to) turn against: poner en contra/ ponerse en contra de. (to) turn around / turn round: volverse, darse la vuelta/ volver, darle la vuelta a. (to) turn away: no dejar entrar/ volver la cabeza, volver la espalda. (to) turn back: hacer retroceder, hacer volver/ retrasar/ volverse atrás. (to) turn down: rechazar, no aceptar/ denegar/ bajar/ doblar. (to) turn in: entregar a la policía/ acostarse. (to) turn off: desconectar/ apagar/ cerrar/ repugnar, dar asco a/ salir de/ apagarse/ salir. (to) turn on: conectar/ encender/ abrir/ poner en marcha, encender/ atacar, arremeter contra/ apuntar, dirigir/ excitar, entusiasmar/ depender de, girar en torno a/ encenderse. (to) turn out: apagar/ producir, fabricar/ vaciar/ desmoldar/ expulsar, echar/ salir, resultar/ salir/ asistir, acudir/ salir a la calle. (to) turn over: dar la vuelta a, volver, poner al revés/ dar vueltas a/ entregar/ volver/ facturar, hacer/ darse la vuelta/ volcar/ marchar en vacío, funcionar. (to) turn to: acudir a, recorrer a, recurrir a/ buscar, pasar a/ pasar a/ dedicarse a, recurrir a, darse a, empezar. (to) turn up: llegar, presentarse/ aparecer/ doblar hacia arriba, levantar/ acortar/ subir, poner más fuerte/ descubrir, encontrar. (to) wait about, (to) wait around: esperar, perder el tiempo. (to) wait behind: quedarse, quedarse para esperar a uno. (to) wait in: estar en casa esperando a uno. (to) wait on, (to) wait upon: servir a uno, desvivirse por mimar a uno. (to) wait out: quedarse hasta el final de, esperar más que uno. (to) wait up: velar, no acostarse, seguir sin acostarse. (to) wait upon: cumplimentar a uno, presentar sus respetos a uno. (to) walk about: pasearse, ir y venir. (to) walk across: cruzar. (to) walk around: dar una vuelta, pasearse. (to) walk away: irse, alejarse, negarse a, evadirse de. (to) walk away with: llevarse, copar, largarse con, robar. (to) walk back: volver a pie, regresar andando. (to) walk down: bajar a pie. (to) walk in: entrar, entrar sin llamar/ interrumpir a alguien. (to) walk into: entrar/ caer en una trampa/ ser embaucado/ chocar con/ dar con o contra/ topar/ tropezar con o contra/ devorar, zampar/ atacar a uno, arremeter a uno/ conseguir fácilmente un puesto. (to) walk off: quitarse un dolor de encima dando un paseo/ dar una vuelta para quitarse un dolor/ bajar la comida dando un paseo. (to) walk on: seguir andando o caminando/ salir de figurante. (to) walk out: salir, retirarse/ declararse en huelga/ marcharse/ abandonar a uno/ dejar plantado a alguien/ plantar a alguien. (to) walk over: atropellar a uno, tratar a uno a coces/ dar una paliza a alguien en algún deporte/ ganar/ ganar la carrera por ser el único caballo que participa. (to) walk through: ensayar por primera vez. (to) walk up: subir a pie

improving your english

English Teacher: J. Humberto Perdomo L.

Activity for improving your English

Our planet



Y ou’ll read about one possible solution to an environmental problem. You’ll also read the story of one international student who is helping our planet. And you’lI write a short essay about your past and future plans.



The Greenhouse Effect an theWomen of Guatemala

Before You Read
Look at the pictures here and write :
1. Why did someone cut down these trees? How will people use these trees?
2. What problem is the factory causing?
3. There are five kinds of energy here. Which kinds of energy do people use in your country?





The following story might Iook long, but you can read it! You can guess the meanings of most new words.

Thc Greenhouse Effcct and the
Women of Guatemala

Most people know something about the greenhouse effect. Factories send gases such as carbon dioxide, or CO2, into the atmosphere, the air around the earth. In the past, this wasn’t a problem because trees absorbed, or drank in, CO2. But now people are cutting down billions of trees in many countries. At the same time, factories are sending more CO2 into the atmosphere. lt’s difficult to believe, but factories put billions of tons of CO2 ¡nto the atmosphere evry year! One ton is 2,000 pounds, so this is a lot of pollution. There is too much CO2, and there aren’t enough trees, so the world is getting warmer. In other words, we have a greenhouse effect. This is terrible for the environment.
What can we do about this? First, we can stop using so much coal and oil. We can learn to use different kinds of energy: the sun, wind, and heat from volcanoes and from inside the earth. Second, instead of cutting down trees, we should plant more trees. One tree can absorb ten pounds of carbon dioxide every year.

ln the past, the mountains of Guatemala, in Central America, were green and thick with beautiful trees. But people cut down trees for houses. Also, many women cook over wood fires. They walk hours every day to look for firewood. There are fewer and fewer trees, and this is bad for the land. Rain washes good soil down the mountains.
Far away from Guatemala, in the state of Connecticut, there is a new factory. The factory uses coal. It will send 400,000 tons of CO2 into the atmosphere every year. Many people are angry about this. But the factory owners are doing something about it. They are giving two million dollars to the women of Guatemala. The Guatemalans will plant trees in their country. These trees in Central America wiII absorb the carbon dioxide from the factory in Connecticut.
Why Guatemala? Why don’t people in Connecticut plant the trees in Connecticut? The answer is easy. Trees grow much faster in Central
America than in the northern part of the United States.
The trees are good for the earth’s atmosphere. They’re good for Guatemala too. In small towns and villages in Guatemala, most women are poor and have hard lives. Trees help them in three ways. First, the Connecticut factory pays them to plant the trees. Their pay is corn, not money. The corn is food for their children. Second, these women know a lot about their environment. They know where to plant, when to plant, and what kinds of trees to plant. For example, they plant many fruit trees. The fruit gives ttiem vitamins in their families’ diets. Other trees are good for firewood. In a few years, the women won’t spend so much time walking for wood. Third, all these trees are good for the soil. Now rain can’t wash the soil down the mountains so easily.
This plan isn’t enough to stop the grenhouse effect. But it’s a beginning. The women of Guatemala are helping themselves and helping their environment. As one woman says, “We’re planting for our famihies, for our children.”

After You Read

Exercise 1
Circle the number of the main idea of the reading.
1. The greenhouse effect is a problem in the world today.
2.- We should stop using coal and oil and use other kinds of energy.
3. A new U.S. factory is making people angry because it uses coal.
4. Women in Guatemala are planting trees, and these trees are helping the women’s families and the environment.

Exercise 2
Information about the Main Idea
Which information from the reading explains this idea? Write the information in the boxes.

Exercise 3

Read these sentences. If the information is not in the reading, cross out the number. If the information is given, which sentence is it in ? Write the sentence.

1. Trees absorb carbon dioxide. One tree can absorb ten pounds of carbon
dioxice every vear.
2. All trees are beautiful.__________________________________________
3. Trees give people fruit._________________________________________
4. Trees need too much water.______________________________________



5. trees give people food for fires _____________________________________________________________________

6. Trees are good for the land ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

New Words

Exercise 4.
Use these sentences to guess the meanings of the underlined words. Don’t use a dictionary.
1. Factories send gases such as CO2 into the atmosphere. What is one example of a gas? CO2
2. Factories send gases such as CO2 into the atmosphere, the air around the earth.
What is the atmosphere?___________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. Trees absorbed, or drank in, CO2.
What does absorb mean? _________________________________________
____________________________________________
4. We should Iearn to use different kinds of energy: the sun, wind, and heat from volcanoes.
What are three examples of energy?_________________________________
_________________________________________
5. There is too much CO2, and there aren’t enough trees, so the world is getting warmer. In other words, we have a greenhouse effect.
What happens in a greenhouse effect?




Making Guesses
Exercise 5
What can you guess from the reading? Circie the letter of the answer.
a. Trees are important.
b. Connecticut is in the western part of the United States.
c. The women of Guatemala are rich now.

Discussing the reading

You are in small groups answer the following topics:

Are there many tress in your neighborhood?
Are there many tress in your city?
What kinds of energy are important in Colombia?
What environmentl problems do you have in your country?


My Change of Mind
When I finished high school back home in Brazil, I took computer
programming classes. I thought, “I can get a good job.” But I wasn’t realiy happy. I wanted to do something very different. I was eighteen years old, but I still needed to grow up. So I came to the United States, to California. My idea was to go to college. I wanted to study computer science. I didn’t speak much English, so I had to go to an adult school to Iearn the language. l’m finishing my second year now. In these two years, my whole life changed.
In California, I wanted to practice listening in English, so I watched a lot of TV programs. I especially liked programs about the environment. My listening got better, but I began to worry about the land, air, water, and animals. I saw dead animals in oil in Alaska. I saw air pollution in many cities. And I learned a lot about my own country. In Brazil, people are cutting down the ram forests. Most of my friends don’t think about the enviroriment. Back home, I never thought about it either.
I began to read more about the environment. I wrote letters to environmental organizations such as Greenpeace and the Sierra Club. They sent me lots of information! Then, on National Beach Cleanup Day, I volunteered to help. They made me the leader of a team of volunteers on Santa Monica Beach. It was hot, dirty, difficult work, but it was exciting. I met some nice people, and that night I was on the TV news!
Next September I’lI start college. I have to do this in English. It won’t be easy, but now English is so much a part of me! I’m making a big change. I’m going to study environmental science. My special area wiII be marine mammals—dolphins, whales, and sea Iions.
When I came to this country, I felt lonely. I cried a lot. Now l’m happy and excited. There I am in the photo next to the seals. l’m going to Start my new life!







After You Read
About the Reading
Exercise 1
Put these actions in the correct order. What happened first, second, third, and so on the lines.

Write numbers on the lines.
_____ She came to the United States.
_____ She wanted to practice listening in English, so she watched TV.
_____She finished high school.
_____ She’ll start college.
She volunteered to help on National Beach Cleanup Day.
_____ She wrote letters to environmental organizations.

Outlining and Note Taking
You can understand and remember a the reading better if you take notes. One way is to write the main idea and sorne information about the main idea in an outline. There are different kinds of outlines. Here’s one. Finish this outline. (You’ll need to look back at the reading my change of mind.) Don’t worry about complete sentences. The smaaller circles are for information about the larger circles.







Writing activity
read about one student who made a big change in her life. Write a letter to your teacher about something that changed your life.

Building Vocabulary

Complete these sentences. Circle the letters of the answers. There is one answer for each blank.
1. He comes from my______
a. Connecticut
b. northern
c. ton
d. hometown
2. Let’s go______
a. camping
b. boring
c. exciting
d. interesting
3. She wants to study______
a. museum
b. factory
c. rain forest
d. environmental science
4. They ____sorne weight.
a. gained
b. sent
c. stopped
d. followed
5. We use ____for energy.
a. ton
b. soil
c. oil
d. mountains

write the answers about the following questions :
1. Do you match TV? Does it help your English?
2. Do you write e- mails in English? To whom? Have you written any letters in English to organizations?
3. How can you meet new people? Tel about two ways.




A. In Colombia, many things are in our garbage. Look at the pie chart below and answer the questions.


1. What is a larger percentage of our garbage, newspapers or plastic bottles? Newsppers are Iarger percentage of our garbge.
2. What is a larger percentage of our garbage, yard waste or tin cans? _____________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is a larger percentage of our garbage, glass or plastic bottles?
________________________________________
________________________________________
Fill in the blanks.
4. Metal cans and other metais are 8.7 percent of our trash.
5. Grass clippings and other yard wastes are _________ percent of our trash.
6. Food waste is _________ percent of our trash.

B. Think about how you feelnow and what your plans are. Do you feel the same? Have your plans changad? Write about how you feel now and what your plans for the future are. Again, these are just notes. Don’t worry about spelling or grammar.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C. When you are writiing about the past , remember to use past- tense verbs. When you are writing about the future, remember to use a future tense. Each of these sentences has one verb in the wrong tense. Correct the verbs and write the corrected sentences on the lines:
1. When I come here two years ago, i was nervous


2. Next year I finish the collage.



3. Last year I don’t speak English well


4. When I finish collage, I work in this city.